Optimizing PLA-Sun-Dried Olive Leaf Waste Filament Blends Fabrication Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis 


Vol. 26,  No. 11, pp. 5223-5247, Nov.  2025
10.1007/s12221-025-01149-y


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  Abstract

The increased use of sustainably sourced plant-based material in the development of 3D printing material has consequentially increased the industrial potential of locally produced plant-based waste in the GCC and wider Arab Peninsular region. As a result, waste sourced from olive trees, one of the most common trees in the region, can be repurposed for the aforementioned 3D printing applications. Furthermore, the use of an extruder to blend samples of commonly used polymers such as PLA and assorted filler material has made the creation of blended-material filaments for 3D printing possible. This study seeks to put the extrusion and testing processes as well as the viability of olive leaf waste as a blend material to the test through the preparation of multiple blending proportions, the variation of processing parameters, and the variation of testing parameters to ascertain the optimal process for the production of filaments of this nature as well as identify the most suited filament for 3D printing applications. The design of this study is modeled and analyzed using predictive Taguchi Analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Grey Relational Analysis. The study points toward a blend proportion of 4% as being the optimum choice for the extrusion of a PLA-OL waste filament—this conclusion was reached after results from the tensile testing of 9 different runs pointed toward the 4% blend as being better able to extrude filaments that produced stronger mechanical properties. The study also identifies the strain rate of 2.5 mm/min as being the optimal strain rate under which tensile testing should be conducted to better gauge the strength of the filaments due to its correlation with better results across multiple mechanical properties, including Ultimate Tensile Strength, Young’s Modulus, and Toughness. The blend proportion was found to contribute the most toward the mechanical performance of the filaments, followed by the strain rate, and finally by the extrusion temperature.

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  Cite this article

[IEEE Style]

Y. Aamir and S. Pervaiz, "Optimizing PLA-Sun-Dried Olive Leaf Waste Filament Blends Fabrication Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis," Fibers and Polymers, vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 5223-5247, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-025-01149-y.

[ACM Style]

Yesa Aamir and Salman Pervaiz. 2025. Optimizing PLA-Sun-Dried Olive Leaf Waste Filament Blends Fabrication Using Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis. Fibers and Polymers, 26, 11, (2025), 5223-5247. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-025-01149-y.

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