Preparation and Properties of Wet-Spun Carrageenan Fibers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils 


Vol. 26,  No. 5, pp. 1907-1918, May  2025
10.1007/s12221-025-00917-0


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  Abstract

Carrageenan fibers produced via wet spinning have attractive applications with excellent flame-retardant properties but suffer from limited mechanical strength, hindering broader applications. This study investigates the effect of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) reinforcement on the mechanical and morphologic properties of kappa-carrageenan (k-CAG) fibers. Two types of CNFs—pristine CNF (PCNF) and TEMPO-oxidized CNF (TOCNF)—were incorporated at 1–5 wt%. Optimized wet-spinning conditions included 2-N sodium hydroxide as the dissolution solvent, 8-wt% k-CAG, 5-wt% CaCl2 or BaCl2 as coagulation baths, and ethanol as the washing solvent. SEM revealed that CNF addition increased surface roughness and wrinkling, particularly in PCNF-reinforced fibers. The choice of crosslinking cation significantly influenced fiber properties: Ca2⁺ crosslinking led to larger diameters, lower tensile strength, and higher elongation at break, whereas Ba2⁺ crosslinking resulted in stronger, more compact fibers. Notably, in BaCl2-coagulated fibers, tensile strength increased from 2.76 to 5.03 cN/dtex with 5-wt% PCNF, marking the highest reported strength for CAG fibers. In contrast, TOCNF reinforcement showed minimal mechanical enhancement. This study highlights the potential of PCNF for reinforcing k-CAG fibers and provides insights into how CNF type and coagulation bath composition affect mechanical performance. These findings pave the way for developing sustainable, high-performance biopolymer fibers for advanced applications.

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  Cite this article

[IEEE Style]

D. Lee, S. Cho, J. Jin, H. Moon, R. Dadigala, S. Han, G. Kwon, R. Bandi, S. Lee, "Preparation and Properties of Wet-Spun Carrageenan Fibers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils," Fibers and Polymers, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1907-1918, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-025-00917-0.

[ACM Style]

Da-Young Lee, Seung-Woo Cho, Ju-Won Jin, Hae-Chan Moon, Ramakrishna Dadigala, Song-Yi Han, Gu-Joong Kwon, Rajkumar Bandi, and Seung-Hwan Lee. 2025. Preparation and Properties of Wet-Spun Carrageenan Fibers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibrils. Fibers and Polymers, 26, 5, (2025), 1907-1918. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-025-00917-0.

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