Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers 


Vol. 24,  No. 3, pp. 1093-1106, Mar.  2023
10.1007/s12221-023-00115-w


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  Abstract

Disperse dyeing of synthetic textile substrates is conventionally an energy- and chemically intensive process. Alternative treatment methods that alleviate the environmental and energy burden of the process are required. In this study, the eff ects of variable ultrasonic sonication amplitude and sonication reaction time parameters, on the discontinuous batch stock dyeing effi cacy of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fi bers using a disperse dye were investigated. All other experimental input variables (dye concentrations, temperature, etc.) were kept constant, in order to best explore main eff ects and interaction eff ects of orthogonal dyeing time and sonication amplitude contributions. The effi cacy of coloration and the attendant changes in the structure of the PAN fi brous substrates were explored at 50% (61 짹 1.6 W/cm 2 ), 60% (77 짹 2.3 W/cm 2 ), 65% (84 짹 1.5 W/ cm 2 ), 70% (90 짹 4.2 W/cm 2 ), 75% (98 짹 3.4 W/cm 2 ), and 80% (112 짹 3.1 W/cm 2 ) sonication amplitude and during 20, 30, 40, 45, and 60 min immersion periods for dyeing. Dyed PAN fi ber samples were subsequently characterized by SEM imaging, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, as well as CIELAB L * a * b * values and K/S color measurement. Results indicate excellent dyeing outcomes, with a generally improved dye uptake trend with both increasing sonication amplitude and time, although diff erences between outputs exist. A two-way ANOVA statistical analysis (慣 = 0.05), with Tukey HSD, of the diff erent dyeing parameters indicates that the sonication amplitude plays the more important and statistically signifi cant role in dye uptake, although deposition time is also a signifi cant factor. Optimal dyeing conditions, considering color uptake effi cacy without meaningful fi ber damage, were identifi ed as sonication at 400 kHz for 30 min with a sonication amplitude of 70%. These fi ndings will support routes toward greener, cleaner dyeing of synthetic textile fi bers.

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  Cite this article

[IEEE Style]

W. Y. Ma, K. L. Choi, M. W. Younas, H. Xin, N. Noor, "Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers," Fibers and Polymers, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1093-1106, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-023-00115-w.

[ACM Style]

Wai Yan Ma, Ka Ling Choi, Muhammad Waseem Younas, Hu Xin, and Nuruzzaman Noor. 2023. Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers. Fibers and Polymers, 24, 3, (2023), 1093-1106. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-023-00115-w.

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pISSN : 1229 - 9197
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