이동호, 조해현, 강성현, 조병모, 김대겸, 김동우, 이준오,

Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 369-381, 4월. 2025
10.13089/JKIISC.2025.35.2.369, Full Text:
Keywords: Air-Gap Systems, Electromagnetic Signal Transmission, Acoustic Signal Transmission, Covert Channels, Side-channel attacks
Abstract

In the digital age, companies handling sensitive data and classified facilities perform critical operations in Air-Gap environments to ensure data security. An Air-Gap environment, isolated from networks, is regarded as a crucial defense mechanism against data breaches and various cyberattacks. However, even in Air-Gap environments, information theft is possible due to emerging techniques that enable data exfiltration. This paper examines cases of data leakage through electromagnetic signals, particularly magnetic and acoustic signals, in Air-Gap environments. It details electromagnetic transmission and reception techniques, focusing on methods of transmitting and receiving data using magnetic signals generated by CPUs and acoustic signals. Additionally, it introduces electromagnetic transmission techniques capable of exfiltrating data in Air-Gap environments. The study conducted experiments utilizing CPU-based magnetic signals and microphone-based frequency signals, achieving a 100% success rate in data reception via electromagnetic signals in an Air-Gap environment. These findings highlight the practicality of electromagnetic transmission techniques for handling sensitive data and propose strategies for enhancing defenses against such threats in Air-Gap environments.

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