pISSN : 1229-9197 / eISSN : 1875-0052
Fibers and Polymers, the journal of the Korean Fiber Society, provides you with state-of-the-art
research in fibers and polymer science and technology related to developments in the textile
industry. Bridging the gap between fiber science and polymer science, the journal’s topics
include fiber structure and property, dyeing and finishing, textile processing, and apparel science.
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Latest Publication (Vol. 27, No. 3, Mar. 2026)
Enhancing Cotton Dyeing with Acid Dye Using Gum Isolated from Apple Rock Baels Optimized by Response Surface Methodology
N. S. Elshemy M. Rekaby Mona M. Ali
This study aims to treat cotton fabric with gum isolated from Apple Rock Bael (ARB) by applying a new technology method named microwave irradiation (MW) and ultrasonic wave (US) to simplify its dyeing process with acid dye and enhance its properties. Additionally, this study thoroughly discussed the role of the response surface methodology in optimizing diffusion capacity. Reasonably large levels of performance fabric properties are obtained using Minitab® statistical software. The response surface methodology (RSM) facilitated treatment and curing optimization, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and XRD. The SEM revealed the treated material on the treated cotton fabric surface. The treatment conditions were optimized by applying different gum concentrations at different temperatures for various time under MW irradiation and US waves. The K/S and fastness properties were evaluated of acid-dyed-treated cotton fabric. Under optimal treatment conditions, we investigated the effects of treated cotton fabrics on their biological, chemical, and mechanical properties. The current study revealed that using natural gum isolated from ARB as a finishing agent offers a sustainable solution and aligns with the growing demand for eco-friendly textile processing methods. The finding illustrates that the maximum predicted value of K/S for MW was 13.90, while the data optimum condition was 4 g at 100 °C for 30 min for the US wave the maximum predicted value of K/S was 9.15, change in isolated gum concentration, treated time, and treated temperature have a highly significant effect on the K/S according to the results (p values are 0.00045, 0.00079, and 0.000242, respectively) when using MW irradiation. In contrast, time and temperature (US) have insignificant effects on K/S results; p values are 0.0245 and 0.0140 when applying US. The optimum data of curing condition were at 75 watts for 100 s when using MW, and at 90 watts for 120 s when applying US wave. Under this condition, the maximum predicted value of K/S for coloring of curing-treated cotton fabric was 15.0609 and 12.907 when applying MW irradiation and US waves, respectively. FTIR and SEM were also investigated. This approach could potentially reduce the environmental impact of textile manufacturing while maintaining or even enhancing the quality of the finished products. Furthermore, the successful application of this bio-waste material in fabric treatment could inspire further research into other underutilized natural resources for textile applications.
New Azo Disperse Dyes Based on 1H-Phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole: Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, ADME Study, and Molecular Docking
Fatma A. Mohamed Saadia A. Abd El-Megied Mohamed G. Abouelenein Eslam R. El-Sawy
New azo disperse dyes 1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles based on 9,10-phenanthrenequinone nucleus (D1–D3) have been synthesized. The reaction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone with 4-methoxy-benzaldhyde produced 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-phenanthro [9,10-d] imidazole (A) which next was coupled with different diazonium salts of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, 2-aminophenol, and 1-aminoanthraquinone to give the newly azo disperse dyes (D1–D3). The structures of the synthetic dyes were established by applying elemental analyses, in addition to spectral techniques, including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC/EI-MS. The synthesized dyes were employed on polyester and nylon fabrics with dyeing high-temperature and pressure techniques. The K/S values and UPF were measured. The fastness properties of the dyed fabrics using D–D3 exposed auspicious color fastness toward (light, rubbing, washing, and perspiration fastness). The testified dyes promoted higher antibacterial efficacies on nylon 6 and polyester fabrics versus Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium). The mechanism of antibacterial activity was suggested to be by action of D1–D3 against E. coli Lgt complexing with phosphatidylglycerol (PDB: 5AZB) that co-crystalized with the native ligand (palmitic acid). Also, some physicochemical, pharmacokinetic parameters, and drug-likeness (ADME) were achieved.
Sustainable Dyeing of Polyester with 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene-Modified Marigold Dye: Preparation, Dyeing Performance, and Adsorption Kinetics
Pawan J. Maharana Ankita Hatwar Mohammad Shahid Saptarshi Maiti Sandeep P. More Ravindra V. Adivarekar
In this study, a semisynthetic azo dye was synthesized through an environmentally benign azo coupling reaction between a natural extract from Tagetes erecta (marigold) flowers and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN). The process involved diazotization of 1,5-DAN under mild acidic conditions to generate a diazonium intermediate, which was then coupled with the renewable natural extract to produce a structurally robust and high-performance dye. This hybrid approach integrates renewable biomass with synthetic intermediates, reducing dependence on fully synthetic petrochemical dyes. The dyeing of polyester fabric was evaluated via kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models, revealing that adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fits the Nernst isotherm, indicating favorable dye–fiber interactions and uniform surface adsorption. Dyeing under varying pH conditions resulted in stable brown shades exhibiting excellent fastness properties comparable to commercial disperse dyes. This work exemplifies a sustainable textile coloration strategy aligned with green chemistry principles, highlighting the use of renewable feedstocks, mild reaction conditions, and minimized environmental impact, thus offering a promising route toward eco-friendly textile processing.
Capturing Curved Lag Plots in Dye Adsorption Kinetics Using a Generalized Three-State Discrete-Time Markov Chain Model
Dapeng Lei Jianhua Huang
Applying discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) theory to model adsorption kinetics in textile exhaust dyeing introduces a novel methodological framework. However, the dual-state DTMC (DMC) model fails to capture the curvature of lag plots under large time steps. To address this limitation, we propose a generalized modeling approach—the three-state DTMC (TMC) model. The TMC model incorporates a three-state mechanism (free, transitional, and fully adsorbed) and employs a signed transition probability matrix to represent directional dynamics, thereby enabling more accurate modeling at coarser temporal resolutions. We validated the TMC model using five representative dye/fiber systems—reactive/cotton, direct/viscose, acid/wool, disperse/polyester, and basic/acrylic—covering a wide range of adsorption mechanisms and reversibility characteristics. Benchmarking against five classical kinetic models demonstrated that the TMC model outperforms existing approaches across multiple evaluation metrics, including adjusted R-squared, root-mean-square error, Bayesian information criterion, residual violin plots, and residual time-series analysis. By conceptualizing transfer regions as symmetric spaces, the TMC model avoids reliance on assumptions regarding rate-limiting steps, achieving universal applicability across diverse dyeing systems. Further analysis reveals that system equilibrium is determined exclusively by adsorption and desorption transition probabilities, which experimental conditions modulate to shape both dynamic evolution and steady-state distribution. By extending transition probabilities to signed values with directional meaning—where negatives indicate deviations from assumed transfer pathways—the TMC model retains the core structure of DMC while capturing complex adsorption dynamics. This work provides a unified framework for modeling textile dyeing kinetics and offers a practical extension of DTMC theory to dyeing processes.
Multiscale Analysis of Progressive Damage Behavior in 2.5D Woven Composites Under Off-axis Tensile Loading
Xunbai Du Yue Liu Junhua Guo
To address the current limitations in multiscale analysis of off-axis tensile behavior in 2.5D woven composites, this work employs a novel multiscale approach. This strategy comprises two phases: mechanical property transfer and critical load transfer. For the mechanical property transfer stage, this work established a three-scale finite element model. To reproduce damage at critical locations within the component, progressive damage models are developed for carbon fiber, resin, and fiber bundles, respectively, with numerical implementation achieved using UMAT. Compared with experimental data, the analysis method exhibits a prediction error of 4.31% for stiffness and 6.89% for strength. Furthermore, analysis reveals that failure under off-axis tension in 2.5D woven composites is primarily driven by longitudinal breakage of the warp yarns, with varying degrees of damage stemming from stress redistribution caused by the off-axis angle. This work provides a reference for optimizing the load-bearing capacity of 2.5D woven composites.
Experimental and Multi-scale Computational Investigation on the Low-Velocity Impact Response of Carbon/Kevlar Hybrid Composite Laminates
AiXiang Zhang Xinmei Li PeiHao Zhang
To address the susceptibility of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) to damage under low-velocity impact due to the inherent brittleness of carbon fibers, this study introduces an intralayer hybrid composite (HFRP) incorporating Kevlar and carbon fibers to enhance impact resistance. Material parameters were obtained through tensile, shear and drop-weight impact tests. A multi-scale modeling approach was then employed, integrating a micro–meso-representative volume element (RVE) model to predict homogenized properties and a macroscopic finite element model for impact simulation. The close agreement between experimental and simulation results in terms of mechanical response and damage morphology validated the effectiveness of the multi-scale model. Results indicate that the HFRP exhibited a 7.5% increase in energy absorption and a 33.1% reduction in back-face damage area compared to CFRP, demonstrating that the incorporation of Kevlar fibers effectively curbed damage propagation. Furthermore, evaluation of different hybrid configurations revealed that an interlayer–intralayer synergistic design (H₂K₄H₂) yielded the optimal performance. This configuration achieved increases of 20.5% in energy absorption and 32.0% in peak load over non-hybrid composites, highlighting the synergistic benefit of combining the high stiffness of carbon fibers with the high toughness of Kevlar fibers. These findings confirm that a multi-level hybrid design can significantly improve the structural integrity and impact performance of composite materials.
Shape Memory Properties of Mirror-Symmetric Weft Plain Knitted Fabric–Reinforced Polymer Composites Under Tensile and U-Bending Loads
Zhihui Li Wenqing Du Yang Liu Yiwei Ouyang
The knitted-structure reinforced shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) has the advantages of large recovery deformation while the weft plain knitted fabric reinforced SMPC has bad shape memory performance due to the feature of self-curling. To eliminate the influences of internal stress caused by self-curling, this work presents the mirror-symmetrical layup method to fabricate the multilayer weft plain knitted fabric reinforced SMPCs. The effects of layup numbers, loop densities and directions (0°/90°) on the shape memory properties of SMPCs under tensile and U-shaped bending load were systematically investigated. The results show that during both the tensile and U-shaped bending tests, the shape recovery ratios of SMPCs in the 0° direction are significantly higher than those of SMPCs in the 90° direction. As compared with the two-layers SMPC, the shape recovery ratios of six-layers SMPC with the tensile and U-shaped bending tests decrease. In contrast, the tensile and U-shaped bending recovery forces of six-layers SMPC in the 90° direction are obviously higher than those of the SMPC with two layers. The shape memory cycle tests of multilayer knitted SMPCs were also conducted to evaluate and discuss the stability of shape recovery ratio and recovery force of SMPCs under tensile and U-shaped bending load. These findings are beneficial for the structural design and optimization of SMPCs.
Composite-Metal Hybrid Bone Plate Design for Enhanced Tibial Fracture Healing: Improving Biomechanics and Tissue Regeneration
Syed Zargham Abbas Ali Mehboob Mahtab Ali Imad Barsoum Seung Hwan Chang
Bone plates have been widely used for healing bone fractures, traditionally they have been made from metals like stainless steel, but that can cause issues like stress shielding. Flexible composite materials have been used to address these issues; however, they often lack load bearing ability in tibial fractures. To address this challenge hybrid bone plates are evolving combining both composites and metals. The healing of tibial fractures is influenced by the biomechanical environment at the fracture site, which is influenced by implant design, so in this study, different parameters of a composite bone plate were evaluated to assess their mechanical and biological effects on fracture healing. Initially, a parametric study was conducted by varying different parameters, such as the working length, screw configuration, metal part thickness, and screw spacing. The results showed that the working length, metal part thickness, and screw spacing significantly affected the fracture healing performance, whereas differences in screw configurations led to similar performance. Based on these results, 12 different cases were generated to determine a favourable combination of these parameters. The findings showed that the combination of a short working length, small screw spacing, and thick metal part of the composite bone plate offers a biomechanically favourable design for enhanced tibial fracture healing.
Aluminium Tri-Hydroxide Modified Epoxy Resin as a Flame-Retardant Edge-Sealant to Mitigate Flammability in Drilled CFRP Composites
N. Sathiya Narayanan S. Vignesh V. M. Sreehari
Delamination is a key concern during carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite drilling operations. These delaminated areas significantly increases the flammability risks when exposed to fire. The current research presents the flammability resistance of aluminium tri-hydroxide (Al(OH)3)-modified epoxy resin as a flame-retardant edge-sealant for drilled CFRP composites. CFRP composites were manufactured using vacuum bagging method, followed by drilling with a 6 mm diameter drill bit. The samples were sized according to the ASTM standard D2863 and edge-sealed with Al(OH)3-modified epoxy resin of varying weight percentages of Al(OH)3 (25, 50 and 75 wt.%). Limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were performed to measure the flammability of edge-sealed specimens in a given oxygen–nitrogen mixture. The results indicate that the edge-sealant significantly enhances the flame-retardant behavior by reducing the burn rate relative to neat CFRP composites. Specifically, the LOI of the CFRP composite edge-sealed with 75 wt.% of Al(OH)3-modified epoxy resin is 6.64% higher than that of neat CFRP composite. Additionally, the burn rate was reduced by 55.88% compared to the neat CFRP composites. The findings of this study highlight the impact of drilling-induced delamination and the effectiveness of Al(OH)3-modified epoxy resin as a flame-retardant edge-sealant, contributing to improved fire safety in CFRP composites.
Energy Absorption and Failure Behaviour of Composite Sandwich Panels Under Quasi-Static Indentation: Experimental and Numerical Study
Maiarutselvan Vasudevan Manoharan Ramamoorthy
This study investigates the quasi-static indentation (QSI) behaviour of sandwich structures composed of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) face sheets and an aluminium honeycomb core. The sandwich specimens were fabricated and tested in accordance with ASTM D-7766 standards to evaluate their energy absorption characteristics, load-bearing response, and failure mechanisms under indentation loading. Numerical simulations were carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit to validate the experimental results. The Hashin failure criterion was applied to model damage in the GFRP face sheets, while the aluminium core was characterized using material properties appropriate for Johnson Cook damage behaviour. Experimental observations revealed dominant failure modes such as core crushing, face sheet delamination, and fibre fracture. These failure patterns were effectively captured in the numerical simulations, providing valuable insights into the damage progression and internal stress distribution within the sandwich panels. A strong correlation between experimental and simulation results confirmed the accuracy of the numerical model in predicting QSI performance. This combined experimental–numerical investigation demonstrates the structural efficiency and energy-absorbing potential of GFRP/aluminium honeycomb sandwich composites, making them suitable candidates for use in load-resistant and lightweight engineering applications.