pISSN : 1229-9197 / eISSN : 1875-0052
Fibers and Polymers, the journal of the Korean Fiber Society, provides you with state-of-the-art
research in fibers and polymer science and technology related to developments in the textile
industry. Bridging the gap between fiber science and polymer science, the journal’s topics
include fiber structure and property, dyeing and finishing, textile processing, and apparel science.
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Latest Publication (Vol. 26, No. 7, Jul. 2025)
Optimizing the Extraction Process of Natural Dye from Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Roots Using Response Surface Methodology
Vasundra Sharma Ritika Jamwal Harish Chander Dutt
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis, a perennial herb belonging to the Urticaceae family, is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. Despite its common use as a cattle fence due to its venomous stinging hairs, the plant is valued for its medicinal properties, particularly in diuretic and anti-rheumatic applications, as well as for its strong, smooth, and biodegradable bast fiber. This study explores the process variables affecting the extraction of natural dye from the roots of G. diversifolia. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were identified, with higher pH levels and temperatures correlating with increased yield. The UV–Vis spectroscopy of the extracted dye revealed a maximum absorbance at 200 nm, while FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups, including hydroxyl and carbonyl, which influence the dye’s properties. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the species potential applications, particularly in natural dye production, and underscore the species’ broader utility beyond its traditional uses.
Study on the Dyeing Method of Cationic Modified Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Gardenia Yellow
Xueying Cui Peibo Du Yuan Chang Zaisheng Cai
To date, plant dyes have gained increased attention due to their unique nature of environmental degradation and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, existing fabrics dyed with plant dyes usually suffer from poor dye uptake and color fastness. In this study, we designed and fabricated a novel high-performance gardenia yellow dyed fabric by grafting a cationic modifier, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), onto the surface of cotton fabric. Compared to traditional dyed fabrics, the dyed fabrics modified with CHPTAC exhibit superior color depth due to strong electrostatic attraction. The fabric is also endowed with splendid light fastness and ultraviolet resistance. The light fastness could be significantly improved from grades 2–3 to grades 4–5. The ultraviolet protection factor of the fabric could be enhanced from 36.37 to 216.0. In addition, the fabrics exhibit outstanding rubbing fastness and soap fastness, with dry and wet rubbing fastness achieving a grade of 5 and soap fastness reaching a grade of 4–5. We think the study may open the door to new possibility in broadening the commercial application of plant dye.
Investigation of the Dyeing Behavior and Color Performance Properties of New Biodegradable/Compostable Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Fibers
Yash Jagwani Molla Tadesse Abate Michael Rauch Andreas Friedrich
Due to the rising environmental and ecological concerns globally, efforts are being intensified to recycle PET fibers and enhance their biodegradability. In this experimental study, the dyeing behavior and color performances of emerging biodegradable/compostable and recycled PET were assessed and compared with regular virgin PET. Three series of dyeing experiments were conducted: the first to identify V-values for understanding the suitable dyeing rate and temperature, the second to compare dyeing under sustainable and traditional auxiliaries, and the third to assess the effects of dye types on dyeability and color properties of these new PET fibers. Conventional dyeing conditions were used in the latter two series to ensure compatibility with existing systems and proper comparison. The V-value results indicate that compostable PET and biodegradable PET-3, with a higher V-value, can be dyed efficiently at lower temperatures and in shorter times, offering greater energy efficiency. According to the results, biodegradable and compostable PET materials can be effectively dyed with current methods and conditions, making them promising eco-friendly alternatives to conventional PETs. Furthermore, sustainable dyeing techniques using bio-based auxiliaries offer comparable color strength and fastness to traditional methods, especially for biodegradable and compostable PET, underscoring their environmental benefits. In this context, these biodegradable/compostable PET fibers are considered viable and promising alternatives to conventional PET fibers. The study provides valuable insight into the development of a more sustainable and optimum dyeing process effective for these new biodegradable/compostable PET materials.
Effect of Different Energy Level Disperse Dyes in Dyeability of Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabrics Using PEG-Based Reverse Micelle as Disperse/Reactive Dye Carrier
Yanming Wang Cheng Hao Lee Alan Yiu Lun Tang Chi-wai Kan
Disperse dyes are categorized based on their energy levels and are utilized in conjunction with reactive dyes for the dyeing of polyester/cotton fibres in two distinct compositional ratios. The dyeing conditions and the colour fastness properties of the dyed materials are intrinsically linked to this classification. The application of reverse micelles as dye carriers is advantageous when dyeing below 100 °C as it facilitates the levelling of disperse dyes. The presence of reverse micelles in the dye bath may render the dyeing behaviour of disperse dyes, categorized by varying energy levels, sensitive to fluctuations in dyeing temperature and dye bath concentration. The combination of medium energy disperse dyes and reactive dyes exhibited the highest colour yield and well facilitated at dyeing temperature of 98 °C. Higher percentage of cotton in (T40/C60) blend illustrated lower reflectance compared to (T65/C35) blend fabric with lower cotton percentage. Dyed polyester/cotton fabrics with a higher polyester content (T65/C35), demonstrate slightly greater resistance to colour fastness to crocking, laundering and light compared to those with a lower polyester content (T40/C60). Disperse dyes with low-to-medium energy levels may exhibit unique dyeing characteristics when combined with reactive dyes. A dyeing process conducted at a temperature of 98 °C is deemed appropriate for both polyester and cotton fibres, utilizing PEG-based reverse micelles as dye carriers in an octane solvent. The quality of the dyed fabric, employing disperse dyes of various energy levels, was systematically evaluated.
One-Step Coloration and Multi-functionalization of Cotton Fabrics with Selenium Nanoparticles
Tarek Abou Elmaaty Khaled Sayed-Ahmed Ghada Helmy Shaimaa Mostafa-Ramadan
In this study, a new approach was investigated for coloring cotton fabrics with selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) to get a colored and multi-functional fabric in one step. Se-NPs were synthesized in a green manner and deposited onto a cotton fabric using IR-dyeing equipment to provide a number of benefits, including coloring, antibacterial properties, and ultraviolet (UV) protection. The characterization of the Se-NPs was performed using TEM analysis. The synthesis of spherically well-dispersed Se-NPs was confirmed using TEM, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The successful deposition of Se-NPs on the dyed cotton fabric surface was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and XRD analyses. The color characteristics, fastness properties, antibacterial activity, and UV protection of the colored fabrics were investigated to study the effect of Se-NPs concentration on the tested parameters. The results showed that the colored fabrics had good fastness properties, remarkable UV protection, and a high antibacterial effect. Furthermore, cotton fabrics were not toxic to HFB4 cell lines, as revealed by viability tests. Therefore, the multi-functional cotton fabrics obtained can be efficiently used in the medical field.
Dyeing of Alpaca Knitted Fabric Using Liposomes
Rıza Atav Selin Güler Köylüoğlu Aminoddin Haji Uğur Ergünay
In this study, alpaca fibers were dyed with a reactive dye encapsulated in liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, and the dyeing behavior of alpaca fibers is investigated. For this purpose, first, liposome synthesis was carried out. Then, a selected wool reactive dye was encapsulated with a liposome and the possibilities of using these capsules as an alternative to leveling agents in the dyeing of alpaca fabrics were examined. As a result of the dyeing, it was observed that when 1% liposome was used in the dyeing process, dye uptake at the beginning of the dyeing process was slowed down compared to dyeing without using any additives and the color yield at the end of the dyeing was higher compared to dyeing without using any auxiliary. Dyeing levelness (%) was found to be 96.7, 98.0, and 97.6 for dyeing without auxiliary, with 1% leveling agent, and with 1% liposome, respectively. Beyond this, no significant difference was observed in terms of fastness of dyeing. It can be said that liposomes can be used as a leveling agent in dyeing alpaca fibers. It is thought that this issue is promising for environmentally friendly production in today's conditions where the use of more environmentally sustainable chemicals has gained great importance.
Uniform-Colored Synthetic Textiles by Digital Inkjet Printing: Effect of Vacuum Plasma Treatment and Multiple Printing Passes
Junchun Yu Tuser Tirtha Biswas Sina Seipel Vincent A. Nierstrasz
This study investigates the potential use of digital inkjet printing to produce uniform-colored textiles comparable to those dyed conventionally. The color uniformity of inkjet-printed block pattern using combined vacuum plasma treatment and inkjet printing of nano-pigment ink is studied. The surface properties of the plasma treated textiles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and absorption. The color performances, color uniformity and fastness properties of printed textiles were evaluated by color measurement, wash fastness, and abrasion tests respectively. The results showed that plasma treatment significantly enhances the color performance of printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide 66 (PA). The color strength increases with printing passes and the most significant enhancement was with two printing passes, thereafter it reaches saturation. It was found that plasma-treated fabrics absorbed the ink faster, therefore the colorants concentrated at the textile surface. Furthermore, the inks printed on plasma-treated samples showed better wash fastness and abrasion property for both PET and PA fabrics. Moreover, the color uniformity results showed that ΔECMC is distributed between 0.25 and 0.5 over the uniform-colored surface. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using resource-efficient textile processes, such as plasma treatment and inkjet printing, to produce uniform-colored textiles as alternative to conventional dyeing methods.
Ecological Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics with Cochineal: Influence of Bio-mordants on Colorimetric and Aging Parameters
Majid Tehrani Sepide Ahmadi
In recent years, concern about the biological hazards of synthetic dyes and heavy metal mordants has led to renewed interest in natural dyes and bio-mordants, especially among environmental activists. Cochineal is a rich source of natural colorants based on anthraquinone such as carminic acid. In this research, the effect of the metal and bio-mordants on the colorimetric, fastness and aging characteristics of cotton fabrics dyed with colorants extracted from cochineal has been studied. The purpose of this study is not only to investigate the potential of cochineal dye ability and introducing new shades on cotton fabrics under the influence of bio-mordants, but also to improve the color fastness and aging against wash, light and heat. Plant materials such as rhus, red onion peel, pomegranate rind, lemon peel, pinecone, pistacia skin, date kernel, and corn silk were used as bio-mordant. The results indicate that although metallic mordants, such as aluminum and iron, produced more intense colors, they exhibited lower wash and light fastness compared to some bio-mordants. Bio-mordants, including red onion peel, date kernel, and pinecone, demonstrated a favorable balance of color strength and fastness properties. Also, red onion peel exhibited exceptional performance, demonstrating superior resistance to color loss during repeated washings, light exposure, and thermal aging compared to the aluminum mordant. Although aluminum mordant initially provided higher color strength, bio-mordants, particularly red onion peel and pinecone, exhibited greater overall durability.
Discrete-Time Markov Chain-Based Adsorption Kinetic Model for Textile Exhaust Dyeing
Dapeng Lei Jianhua Huang
In textile dyeing, understanding adsorption kinetics is essential for optimizing process efficiency and product quality. However, although traditional empirical models have been widely used, often fail to provide clear physical interpretations of parameters. This study introduces a Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC) model to overcome this limitation. By analogizing fibers as cities, dyebaths as suburbs, and dye molecules as migrating populations, the DTMC model offers a probabilistic framework that captures the temporal evolution of dyeing processes at discrete intervals. The DTMC model was validated across six typical dyeing processes, involving five types of dyes (reactive, basic, acid, direct, and disperse) and five types of fibers (cotton, polyamide, wool, viscose, and polyester). This validation demonstrated its superior performance relative to five traditional models, as evaluated by the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, residual violin plots and time series residual plots. Notably, the DTMC model requires only one linear fitting step to obtain gauge-invariant transition probabilities, providing clear physical meanings for adsorption and desorption effects. For instance, during the dyeing of cotton fabric with C.I. Basic Blue 9, the model yielded an adsorption probability of 0.00180 and a desorption probability of 0.00219. This indicates that 0.180% of the dye molecules in the dyebath are expected to transfer to the fiber per second, while 0.219% of the those on the fiber may return to the dyebath. This innovative approach advances the mechanistic understanding of dyeing kinetics and facilitates model unification, offering significant potential for optimizing textile dyeing processes.
Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating Polyoxymethylene Composite Reinforced with Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers for Bearing Application
Damira Muhalim Shahira Liza Kanao Fukuda Noor Ayuma Mat Tahir Yazid Yaakob
Bearings are one of the important tribological components in machinery that exist in many types of materials tailored to their end application. The commonly used bearing materials is polymer due to lightweight, excellent friction and wear resistance and self-lubricating properties which are not offered by other materials. By taking advantage of the abundancy of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber in Malaysia, the development of this material act as an innovative approach in utilizing the agricultural waste. Hence, there is a possibility in transforming the naturally existing fiber, OPEFB, into a sustainable reinforcement material in commercially available bearing materials of polyoxymethylene (POM) for tribological purposes. The aim of this research was to formulate a highly reliable tribology OPEFB/POM composite material for unlubricated sliding bearing application. This can be done by modifying the fiber properties through effective chemical treatment in enhancing its compatibility and interfacial bonding with POM matrix. Finally, the tribological performance of OPEFB/POM composite was evaluated using a ball-on-disc tribology tester under varying loads of 10, 20, and 40 N at a constant sliding distance of 2000 m and a sliding speed of 0.209 m/s. The OPEFB/POM composite has successfully shown a great improvement through its consistency result in low coefficient of friction (0.084-0.100) and low specific wear rate (× 10-5 mm3/Nm). The dominant wear mechanisms were found by the stable formation of transfer layer, plastic deformation, and adhesion which has contributed to the enhanced friction and wear behavior of the OPEFB/POM composite.