This study focuses on developing and examining the abrasive wear attributes of a unique epoxy composite reinforced with four fibers: rice straw (RS), coconut coir (CC), sugarcane bagasse (SB), jute fiber (JF), and one filler as neem wood powder (NWP). By altering the percentages of coconut coir, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, and NWP, four types of composites A1, B2, C3, and D4 were created. Using a pin-on-disk wear testing machine, dry sliding wear tests were carried out for each composition at various sliding velocities (1, 2, and 3 m/s) while applying standard loads of 5, 10, 30, and 50 N. The plots of the frictional force, friction coefficient and wear rate were made at all sliding velocities against the usual load and sliding distance. The outcome shows that the wear attributes of the composite improve as the amount of NWP enhances. When worn surfaces are observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) wear direction, broken particles, microfracture, voids, fiber matrix separation, and bonded matrix are all visible. Apart from being useful to the automobile industry, this particular type of composite material can be adapted to other sectors.

properties of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites on the naval sector. The reinforcement material employed in this study consisted of bidirectional basalt fiber and stainless steel wire mesh. The matrix material employed in this study was bismaleimide resin. A total of nine distinct compositions were generated by the addition of varying quantities of sodium bicarbonate and antimony trioxide, both of which serve as fire retardants. The conducted tests included drop load impact, flammability, fatigue, and flexural testing. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of fillers yielded a positive impact on the mechanical characteristics of the composites. Furthermore, the composites that incorporated antimony trioxide as a fire retardant exhibited superior flame retardancy compared to those that utilized sodium bicarbonate. The composition 4 consists of 4% antimony trioxide and 8% sodium bicarbonate and exhibits the highest impact energy with a value of 18.75 J. The addition of 8% antimony trioxide and 8% sodium bicarbonate fillers in composition 7 leads to a significant improvement in flexural strength of 136.06 N/mm2. We used a central composite design process to analyze the combined attributes. Quadratic regression was used to suit the composite material optimally. The study utilized an analysis of variance methodology to investigate the impacts of basalt fiber and stainless steel wire mesh. The composite material has remarkable flexibility for maritime applications such as bulkhead and hull construction owing to its strength, durability, and impact resistance.

This study involves the fabrication of aluminum plates reinforced with layers of glass composite (E-glass/epoxy) with varying curvatures. Subsequently, modal analysis was conducted on these plates with the objective of determining the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes for the first five modes. A comparative analysis was carried out by comparing the results with curved plates made of pure aluminum and pure glass composite materials of identical dimensions. For this purpose, the first-order shear deformation theory was applied to derive the vibration equation governing the behavior of the curved plates, which was subsequently utilized for numerical modeling using the COMSOL software. A comparative analysis was undertaken between the experimental and numerical outcomes, revealing a satisfactory agreement between the two sets of data. Through an examination of the frequency spectrum, mode shapes, and the influence of curvature on natural frequencies under free boundary conditions, it was established that the material composition of the structure, boundary conditions, and panel curvature radius exert a significant effect on the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Specifically, the natural frequencies of aluminum plates reinforced with glass/epoxy composite material, across all curvature radii and with the same thickness, were found to be higher than those of pure aluminum as well as curved plates made solely from glass composite material. Additionally, an increase in the curvature radius for each mode was found to correspond to a decrease in the associated frequency value. For instance, the mode with the highest frequency of 759.84 Hz was identified as the fifth mode with a curvature radius of 60 mm, while the lowest frequency of 32.8 Hz was observed in the first mode of a flat plate with an infinite curvature radius. Among plates of specific dimensions and curvature radii, the flat plate with an infinite curvature radius exhibited the lowest natural frequency. Moreover, it became evident that as the number of modes increased, the frequency values for each curvature radius exhibited an upward trend. Furthermore, it was noted that changes in curvature had a lesser effect on the first natural frequency compared to the other modes, regardless of the boundary conditions. By examining the frequency spectrum, mode shapes, and the influence of curvature on the natural frequencies under free boundary conditions, it was established that the boundary conditions and curvature of the panel significantly affected the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Specifically, an increase in the curvature radius for each mode corresponded to a decrease in the associated frequency value. The mode with the highest frequency was identified as the fifth mode with a curvature radius of 60 mm, exhibiting a frequency of 759.84 Hz. Conversely, the mode with the lowest frequency was observed as the first mode with a curvature radius of 100 mm, presenting a frequency of 59.78 Hz. Among the plates encompassing distinct dimensions and curvature radii, the planar plate with an infinite curvature radius demonstrated the lowest natural frequency value. Furthermore, it was evident that as the mode number increased, the frequency value for each curvature radius also exhibited an upward trend. Additionally, it was noted that alterations in curvature had a lesser impact on the first natural frequency compared to the other modes, irrespective of the boundary conditions.

Smart clothing encompass research in interdisciplinary fields such as industrial design, material applications, computer science, and medical services, and have witnessed rapid development over the past decade. Therefore, for scholars, keeping pace with emerging research trends and the evolution of knowledge is crucial. However, due to the wide array of disciplines involved in smart clothing and the wealth of information they encompass, scholars find it challenging to comprehensively grasp the knowledge structure, making it a time-consuming and highly complex task to identify the forefront of research hotspots. To provide a deeper insight into the knowledge framework and emerging trends in the field of smart clothing, this study is based on bibliometric analysis methods. It combines these methods with visualization analysis tools such as Citespace, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, and the AntConc corpus analysis tool. First, a dataset comprising 30,860 SCI papers, including research and review papers is collected. Secondly, a comprehensive analysis is conducted using co-occurrence analysis, core citation analysis, core collaboration analysis, and cutting-edge research analysis. Finally, a systematic knowledge framework for smart clothing is constructed. This study combines quantitative text analysis with knowledge visualization analysis to construct a more diverse and detailed knowledge map of smart clothing from multiple perspectives. Simultaneously, it tracks and summarizes the development of smart clothing, providing researchers in the field with a systematic research context and analysis of emerging trends.

The primary objective of this study is to alleviate discomfort arising from fluctuations in heat and humidity due to environmental and personal factors, aiming to develop functional textiles capable of effectively responding to these changes. To achieve this, systematic pattern designs were implemented on 100% cotton woven fabrics, incorporating hydrophobic characteristics through the application of a water-repellent agent to specific areas. The resulting compatibility of these hydrophobic features with hydrophilic elements endowed the fabrics with moisture management properties. Furthermore, the introduction of a phase-changing material agent to these fabrics imparted heat management capabilities. The rotation printing technique was employed to seamlessly transfer these agents onto the fabric. In assessing the durability of woven fabrics featuring distinct functionalities, a comprehensive examination was conducted, subjecting them to 30 repeated wash cycles within a single process step. The morphological structures of the fabrics produced were meticulously analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), SEM–EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray analysis) while their chemical compositions were scrutinized through FTIR–ATR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance). Additionally, a battery of tests, including physical, chemical, liquid absorption, liquid transfer assessments, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses, were conducted in accordance with relevant standards. The outcomes of this study demonstrated that the fabrics not only met the criteria of the TS 866 standard, particularly with regard to a rapid response time of less than 10 s, but also exhibited resilience to repeated washings, affirming the enduring efficacy of the incorporated functionalities. According to tearing strength results, slight increase was also observed in treated cotton fabrics.

Paper is a material that is used in many areas of everyday life. The development of paper with special and environmentally friendly properties will contribute to it being used differently than before. In this work, we present a simple, fluorine-free and low-cost method to prepare a multifunctional paper coating with TiO2 nanoparticles modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The effects of the content of precursors such as titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and PDMS on the wettability, microstructure and durability of the coating were investigated. The result showed that the coated paper exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties with a water contact angle (WCA) of 162.7° and a water sliding angle (WSA) of 2.5°. In addition, the coated paper showed excellent oil/water separation with over 98% after 10 test cycles and high mechanical resistance with an abrasion resistance of 0.26% weight loss after 20 abrasion cycles using the Taber abrasion test (ASTM D4060) with wheel type CS-10. The results of this study indicate a possible method for producing fluorine-free multifunctional paper, which has the potential to expand the application versatility of the material.

In this study, the penetration process of three kinds of spikes with different geometries has been investigated while penetrating in rib-knitted fabrics with different proportions of elastic yarn existence. Besides, the tensile behaviour of the fabrics including the breaking force, breaking elongation, work of rupture and tensile modulus of the samples have been measured and their relation to the resistance of the samples against the penetration performance of spikes were analysed. In this regard, the force, depth, and energy required for penetration have been estimated. In addition, the images of the damages caused by the penetration of spikes were compared, immediately and, after the passage of 24 h and 48 h. The obtained results indicate that the elasticity of the fabric as well as the geometry and point angle of the spike are effective on the penetration resistance. According to the outcomes, 55% increase in the presence of elastic yarn in the fabric structure has led to a growth in fabric’s strength (approximately 21%) and a decrease in tensile modulus (about 15%). In addition, a sample with a higher tensile modulus had a higher penetration force and a lower penetration depth and energy. In addition, the geometry of the utilised spikes is an influential factor in the penetration performance and fabric resistance, including penetration force, penetration depth, and penetration energy. In case of about 38% diminish in the spike point angle, the resistance to penetration decreases around 40%.

Flexible batteries are promising in the fields of flexible electronic products, wearable devices and even implantable medical devices. Carbon nanofibers are considered to be the matrix of active material in flexible electronics. Herein, to attain better flexibility and higher energy density, electrospun carbon nanofibers embedded with Sn were used as flexible anode for sodium-ion battery. The Sn/C nanofibers were obtained from electrospinning process and afterwards pre-oxidation and carbonization procedure. SEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, carbon content, Raman and electrochemical tests were also undertaken to measure their morphology, structure and properties. The results indicate that the Sn/C nanofibers exhibit better morphology (continuous fiber shape) and electrochemical performance (431.2 mAh g-1 of initial reversible capacity at current density of 100 mA g-1) in the sodium-ion batteries with the anode at the mass ratio of 1:0.6 (PAN: SnCl2·2H2O) and carbonized temperature of 700 °C.